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Saturday 19 January 2013

Unreal present/past

การพูดถึงสิ่งที่ตรงกันข้ามกับความจริงในปัจจุบันหรืออดีต (Talking about unreal present or unreal past)

Unreal present (past simple) Unreal past  (past perfect)
conditional If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
Fact: You are not me so you will do that.
If you hadn't told a lie, you wouldn't have been in trouble.
Fact: You told a lie so you were in trouble.
wish, if only I wish I could speak French.
Fact: I cannot speak French.
If only I had learned French in school.
Fact: I didn't learn French in school.
would rather/had sooner I'd rather you went by train.
Fact: You don't want to go by train.
I'd rather you had listened to me.
Fact: You didn't listen to me.
suppose Suppose you weren't living in London, where would you be living? Suppose he hadn't proposed to her that day, whom would she have married to?
as if/as though He talks as if he knew Jane.
Fact: He doesn't know Jane.
He talks about London as if he had been there.
Fact: He has never been to London.
it's (about/high) time It's time you went to bed. -

Wednesday 16 January 2013

Wish・仮定法


wish


I wishpast tense現在のことについて残念な気持ちを表す
I wishcould + infinitive現在のことについて「できなくて残念」な気持ちを表す
I wishpast perfect過去のことについて残念な気持ちを表す
I wishsubj + would + infinitive可能性の低い未来のことについて願う
不満を表す
可能性の低いことについて依頼する


例文

  • I wish I weren't on a diet.
    事実:今、私はダイエットしている。
  • I wish I could afford to buy a new house.
    事実:今、私は家を買うことができない。
  • I wish I had attended the meeting.
    事実:私はミーティングに参加しなかった。
  • I wish you would drive more carefully.
    運転にもっと気をつけてほしい。
練習
例のように書き換えなさい。
  1. You didn't study hard so you failed the exam.
    I wish I had studied hard. If I had studied hard, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
  2. You want to go to the party but you have lots of work to do.
  3. You submitted your report late so it was rejected.

Tuesday 15 January 2013

Solution: Wishes


  1. You didn't study hard so you failed the exam.
    I wish I had studied hard. If I had studied hard, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
  2. You want to go to the party but you have lots of work to do.
    I wish I didn't have much work to do. If I didn't have much work to do, I would go to the party.
    สังเกตด้วยว่าคำว่า lots of ในประโยคบอกเล่า เปลี่ยนเป็น much ในประโยคปฏิเสธ
  3. You submitted your report late so it was rejected.
    I wish I hadn't submitted my report late. If I hadn't submitted my report late, it wouldn't have been rejected.


Monday 14 January 2013

Wishes

รูปแบบการใช้ wish


I wish past tense แสดงความผิดหวังกับเหตุการณ์ในปัจจุบัน
I wish could + infinitive แสดงความผิดหวังกับเหตุการณ์ในปัจจุบัน โดยสิ่งนั้นเกิดจากมีความสามารถไม่เพียงพอ
I wish past perfect แสดงความผิดหวังกับเหตุการณ์ในอดีต
I wish subj + would + infinitive แสดงความคาดหวังกับเหตุการณ์ในอนาคตที่ไม่น่าจะเป็นจริง
แสดงความไม่พอใจ
แสดงการขอร้องโดยมีนัยยะว่าคงเป็นไปได้ยาก


ตัวอย่างประโยค

  • I wish I weren't on a diet.
    ความจริงแล้วฉันกำลังไดเอ็ตอยู่
  • I wish I could afford to buy a new house.
    ความจริงแล้วฉันไม่สามารถซื้อบ้านใหม่ได้ในตอนนี้
  • I wish I had attended the meeting.
    ความจริงแล้วฉันไม่ได้ไปประชุม(การประชุมเกิดขึ้นในอดีตและจบลงไปแล้ว)
  • I wish you would drive more carefully.
    ขอให้คุณขับรถระมัดระวังมากกว่านี้ (แต่ผู้พูดคิดว่าคงเป็นไปได้ยากที่ผู้ฟังจะทำตาม)
แบบฝึกหัด
จงเขียนประโยคตามตัวอย่าง
  1. You didn't study hard so you failed the exam.
    I wish I had studied hard. If I had studied hard, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
  2. You want to go to the party but you have lots of work to do.
  3. You submitted your report late so it was rejected.

Sunday 13 January 2013

条件文 (if clause)

条件文 = 前提節 + 帰結節

条件文の3つの形式
  • Type 1
    現在または未来のことの開放条件
    If (present), (future simple/present simple).
    • If you go, I will go with you.
    • 帰結節が一般的な事実の場合、現在時制を使用する。
      If you heat an ice cube, it melts.
  • Type 2
    現在の事実の仮定条件If (past subjunctive), would* + infinitive
    • If he went to class, he would learn English.
      彼がクラスに行けば英語を勉強するだろうが
      (事実は彼はクラスに行かない。なので、英語を勉強していない。)
          past subjunctive (仮定法過去)は、be動詞の場合は人称にかかわらず、wereを用いる。
    • If she were here, I could explain to her.
    • If he were more handsome, I would go out with him.
    • If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
  • Type 3
    過去のことの仮定条件
    If (past perfect), would* have + V3
    • If he had gone to class, he would have learned English.
      もし彼がクラスに行ったならば、英語を勉強していたんだが
      (事実は、彼はクラスに行かなかった。なので、英語を勉強していなかった。)
*wouldの他にはcould/should/might等

練習
  • It's raining. I can't do my shopping.
  • She won't wear that dress. It doesn't suit her.
  • He couldn't go to the party because he wasn't invited.
  • She didn't sign the contract because she didn't agree the terms.
  • if you lost your books (have to look for them)
  • if the flight's postponed (extend my holiday)
  • if you come into a lot of money (stop working)
  • if all the lights had fused (call an electrician)

ifの省略

ifが省略されて、should, were, had(past perfect)が文頭に出ることがある。
  • shouldが文頭に出る場合
    • If you arrive before me, please buy the tickets.
    • Should you arrive before me, please buy the tickets.
  • wereが文頭に出る場合
    • If I were you, I wouldn't do that.
    • Were I you, I wouldn't do that.
  • had (past perfect) が文頭に出る場合
    • If he had paid the bill on time, the internet wouldn't have been cut off.
    • Had he paid the bill on time, the internet wouldn't have been cut off.
Mixed conditionals

文の内容によって、前提節と帰結節が同じタイプでない場合がある。

  • Type 2 + Type 3 [過去の事実の反対 (type 3)]
    • If I were you, I would have applied for the scholarship.
    • (You were not me, so you did not apply for the scholarship.)
  • Type 3 + Type 2 [現在の事実の反対 (type 2)]
    • If you had told me earlier, we would be going to the party tonight.
    • (You didn't tell me earlier, so we aren't going to the party tonight.)
  • Type 2 + Type 1 [現在のことについて (type 1)]
    • If they were playing in the field all day, they will be tired now.
    • (They were playing in the field all day, so they are tired now.)
    • この文は、その日の夜のときで使用する。
      彼らは一日中遊んでいたので、疲れている。