Solution: Wishes

1. You didn't study hard so you failed the exam.
   I wish I had studied hard. If I had studied hard, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
2. You want to go to the party but you have lots of work to do.
   I wish I didn't have much work to do. If I didn't have much work to do, I would go to the party.
   สังเกตด้วยว่าคำว่า lots of ในประโยคบอกเล่า เปลี่ยนเป็น much ในประโยคปฏิเสธ
3. You submitted your report late so it was rejected.
   I wish I hadn't submitted my report late. If I hadn't submitted my report late, it wouldn't have been rejected.

Solution: Conditional Sentences #1

• It's raining. I can't do my shopping.
  If it weren't raining, I would do my shopping.
  
  สังเกตว่าใช้ were กับประธาน it (ไม่ใช้ was ตามปกติ)
  
  
• She won't wear that dress. It doesn't suit her.
  If that dress suited her, she would wear it.
  
  ใช้ Type 2 เนื่องจากว่าข้อความเดิมคือชุดนั้นไม่เหมาะกับเธอ เธอจึงไม่ใส่
  ในที่นี้จึงใช้ if clause แบบตรงข้ามกับความเป็นจริงในปัจจุบัน
  
  
• He couldn't go to the party because he wasn't invited.
  If he had been invited, he would have gone to the party.
  
  ตรงข้ามกับความเป็นจริงในอดีต ใช้ Type 3
  
  
• She didn't sign the contract because she didn't agree the terms.
  If she had agreed the terms, she would have signed the contract.
  
  
• if you lost your books (have to look for them)
  If you lost your books, you would have to look for them.
  
  
• if the flight's postponed (extend my holiday)
  If the flight is postponed, I will extend my holiday.
  
  
• if you come into a lot of money (stop working)
  If you come into a lot of money, you will stop working.
  
  
• if all the lights had fused (call an electrician)
  If all the lights had fused, I would have called an electrician.
  

Solution: Modals

• Is it likely that he have forgotten all about it?
• He is likely to have misunderstood you.
• She can't have sold her house.
• You aren't allowed to park here.
• He ought to have warned us about it.
• They are supposed to pay more attention.

Solution: Had better

แบบฝึกหัดนี้คงจะไม่ยากเกินไปใช่ไหม :)

• You should have locked the door before you set out.
  It would have been better if you had locked the door before you set out.
  
  
• You should go to bed as we have to be up early tomorrow.
  You had better go to bed as we have to be up early tomorrow.
  
  
• You should have asked her opinion before making a decision.
  It would have been better if you had asked her opinion before making a decision.
  

Solution : Unless, Provided/Providing/On condition that

• If you don't work hard today, you can't have a holiday tomorrow.
  Unless you work hard today, you can't have a holiday tomorrow.
  

• I'll lend you the book if you return it next Monday.
  I'll lend you the book provided (that) you return it next Monday.
  

• I won't lend Peter money if he doesn't need it.
  I won't lend Peter money unless he needs it.
  

• If I don't have a quiet room, I won't able to do any work.
  Unless I have a quiet room, I won't be able to do any work.
  

• Go on to the next unit if you have already finished Unit 2.
  Go on to the next unit providing (that) you have already finished Unit 2.
  

• You can camp in my field if you promise to leave no mess.
  You can camp in my field on condition that you promise to leave no mess.

• Unless you wear boots, you may get bitten by snakes.
• If he goes into that field, the bull will chase him.
• You can't make tea unless you have hot water.
• He will divorce his wife unless she confesses her sins.
• Someone will steal your car if you leave it unlocked.

Auxiliaries + perfect infinitives : Solution

• A: I've done all the calculations. It took me four hours to finish.
  B: But you needn't have done all that work! We have a computer to do that.
  คุณไม่จำเป็นต้องทำเลย เรามีคอมพิวเตอร์ไว้คำนวณแล้ว
  

• I needn't have taken a taxi. I should have walked; it was only a hundred metres.
  ฉันไม่จำเป็นต้องนั่งแท็กซี่เลย น่าจะเดินมากกว่า
  

• You should have left a note. (It was very inconsiderate of you not to do so.)
  คุณน่าจะทิ้งข้อความไว้ (ความจริงแล้วคุณไม่ได้ทิ้งไว้)
  

• It is possible that I may/might have been mistaken.
  
  

• I was to have gone on Tuesday. But on Tuesday I had a terrible cold so I decided to wait till Wednesday.
  ฉันวางแผนว่าจะไปเมื่อวันอังคาร (วางแผนไว้แล้ว)
  

• I sat on a seat in the park and now my coat is covered in green stripes.
  The paint must have been wet.
  สียังไม่แห้งแน่ ๆ
  

• But for the fog they would have reached the top next day.
  ประโยคนี้รูปแบบอาจจะไม่ค่อยคุ้น
  But for = If it (weren't/hadn't been) for
  If it hadn't been for the fog, they would have reached the top next day.
  ถ้าไม่ใช่เพราะหมอก(ถ้าไม่มีหมอกแล้ว) พวกเขาก็คงไปถึงยอดวันถัดมา (แต่จริง ๆ แล้วมีหมอก พวกเขาเลยไปไม่ถึงยอดในวันรุ่งขึ้น)
  

• I know she was in because I heard her radio, but she didn't open the door.
  Possibly she may/might not have heard the bell.
  เธอคงไม่ได้ยินเสียงกระดิ่ง
  

• He should have thanked us. (We are offended that he didn't.)
  เขาควรจะขอบคุณพวกเรา (จริง ๆ แล้วเขาไม่ได้ขอบคุณ)
  

Inversion I : Solution

โครงสร้างประโยคแบบ inversion คือ auxiliary verb จะมาก่อนประธาน แล้วจึงตามด้วย verb แท้

• You can't enter the building under any circumstances.
  Under no circumstances can you enter the building.
  
  เนื่องจากประโยค Inversion นี้ ขึ้นต้นด้วย Under no circumstances ไม่ใช่ any circumstances กริยาช่วยซึ่งเดิมอยู่ในรูปปฏิเสธ can't ต้องเปลี่ยนเป็นรูปบอกเล่า (เนื่องจากตัวที่บอกปฏิเสธย้ายไปอยู่ที่คำว่า no แล้ว)
  
  ส่วนถ้าจะถามว่าเป็น Under any circumstances can you enter the building. ได้มั้ย คำตอบคือไม่ได้เพราะความหมายของประโยคจะเปลี่ยนไป กลายเป็นว่า You can enter the building under any circumstances. ซึ่งก็คือเข้าได้ตลอดเวลา (แต่จริง ๆ ถ้าจะอยากให้หมายความว่าเข้าได้ตลอดเวลา จะไม่ใช้รูปประโยคนี้)
  
  แล้ว Under any circumstances can't you enter the building. ได้หรือไม่ ก็ไม่ได้เช่นกัน (ตอนนี้ยังตอบไม่ได้ว่าทำไมไม่ได้ แต่ว่าไม่เคยเห็นรูปประโยคแบบนี้อะ ใครรู้ก็บอกมาได้นะ)
  

• They had no sooner finished their work than they went out.
  No sooner had they finished their work than they went out.
  ก็แค่สลับเอากริยาช่วยวางก่อนหน้าประธาน (they)
  

• She had barely finished cooking when the guests arrived.
  Barely had she finished cooking when the guests arrived.
  

• He had never caught such a big fish before.
  Never before had he caught such a big fish.
  

• The music was so loud that we decided to leave the place.
  So loud was the music that we decided to leave the place.
  

• If you had paid the bill on time, the power wouldn't have been cut off.
  Had you paid the bill on time, the power wouldn't have been cut off.
  

• The fire door isn't to be left open on any account.
  On no account is the fire door to be left open.
  อันนี้ลักษณะคล้าย ๆ ข้อแรก คือต้องเปลี่ยน any เป็น no และตัด not ตัวหลังออก
  

• Brown bread is healthier and tastier than white bread.
  Not only is brown bread tastier than white bread, but it's healthier too.
  อันนี้ก็เป็นรูปแบบ Not only ..., but also... แต่สังเกตว่ามีการใช้ but ... too. แทน
  

• He was so anxious that he couldn't speak.
  Such was his anxiety that he couldn't speak.
  
  อันนี้เนื่องจากประโยคบังคับมาให้ขึ้นต้นด้วย such เราก็เลยต้องเปลี่ยน anxious ให้อยู่ในรูปคำนามคือ anxiety ถ้าประโยค Inversion ขึ้นต้นด้วย so ก็จะกลายเป็น So anxious was he that he couldn't speak.
  
  แล้วถามว่าใช้ Such an anxious man was he that he couldn't speak. ได้หรือเปล่า ประโยคนี้ถูกแกรมมาร์ แต่ว่าความหมายเปลี่ยนไปนิดหน่อย จากประโยคเดิมที่แปลว่าเขารู้สึกกังวลมากจนพูดไม่ออก(เฉพาะในเหตุการณ์นั้น) กลายเป็นเขาเป็นคนขี้กังวล(imply ว่าบุคลิกโดยปกติของเขาเป็นคนขี้กังวล)

Participles: Solution

I. Doing

1. I was caught unawares so I was at a loss for words.

Being caught unaware, I was at a loss for words.

2. The students were bored so they started to fidget.

Being bored, the students started to fidget.
ข้อนี้สังเกตดี ๆ ว่า ไม่ใช่ Being bored, they started to fidget. เพราะเราจะไม่รู้ว่า they คือใคร เราต้องยังคงความหมายของประโยคเดิมที่ชี้มาแล้วว่า they คือ the students

3. I left the party early because I felt out of place.

Feeling out of place, I left the party early.
สังเกตหรือเปล่าว่าประโยคเหตุอยู่ในส่วนหลัง (I felt out of place) เป็น cause ทำให้ I left the party early.
เพราะฉะนั้นเราจะใช้ Participle ในส่วนหลัง จึงต้องย้ายเอา Feeling out of place มาขึ้นต้นประโยคก่อน

4. They didn't have much money so they decided to stay at home.

Not having much money, they decided to stay at home.
อันนี้ลองสังเกตวิธีทำ Participle แบบปฏิเสธ เอา Not ขึ้นต้นก่อน

5. The police couldn't make an arrest because they didn't have enough evidence.

Not having enough evidence, the police couldn't make an arrest.
อย่าลืมว่าต้องใช้ the police เพื่อบ่งบอกว่าเป็นตำรวจ ไม่ใช่ they ที่ไม่ได้ชี้เฉพาะ

II. Having Done

1. As I'd already eaten I wasn't hungry.

Having already eaten, I wasn't hungry.

2. He had to go to hospital because he broke his leg.

Having broken his leg, he had to go to hospital.
อย่าลืมว่าประโยคส่วนที่เป็น cause คือ he broke his leg

3. After the Prime Minister had lost the election he resigned.

Having lost the election, the Prime Minister resigned.
อย่าลืมใช้ the Prime Minister

4. I cannot recommend the film because I have not seen it before.

Not having seen the film before, I cannot recommend it.
ไม่ใช่ Not having seen it before, I cannot recommend the film.
อย่าลืมย้าย the film มาไว้ประโยคหน้า มิฉะนั้นจะอ่านไม่รู้เรื่องว่า "it" ในที่นี้หมายถึงอะไร

5. Now that the students have covered all the points on the syllabus they're ready for the exam.

Having covered all the points on the syllabus, the students are ready for the exam.


III. Contrast Doing/Having done

1. After the secretary had typed the letters she gave them to the boss to sign.

Having typed the letters, the secretary gave them to the boss to sign.

2. I was unable to sleep so I took a couple of sleeping pills.

Being unable to sleep, I took a couple of sleeping pills.

3. She made an appointment to see the dentist because she had a terrible toothache.

Having a terrible toothache, she made an appointment to see the dentist.

4. He has to go back home because he's been refused a visa.

Having been refused a visa, he has to go back home.

5. As I'd enjoyed the book I decided to see the film.

Having enjoyed the book, I decided to see the film.